Wet-bulb temperature
The lowest temperature reachable by evaporative cooling at a given humidity, which sets the floor for what cooling systems can achieve.
Wet-bulb temperature is what a thermometer reads with a wet wick over its bulb in moving air: the temperature to which evaporation alone can cool something at the ambient humidity. It is always at or below dry-bulb temperature, and the gap between them closes as humidity rises until, at saturation, evaporative cooling does nothing at all.
For infrastructure it is the number that governs cooling capacity. Cooling towers and evaporative systems approach the wet-bulb temperature and cannot go below it, so a facility's design assumption is a wet-bulb figure at a design percentile rather than an air temperature. A humid heat event compresses that margin at exactly the hour transmission congestion and peak demand arrive, which is why the three are one exposure rather than three.
It is also why a data center's cooling design and its site are the same decision. A PUE target achievable in a dry climate may require a different cooling technology, more water, or more power in a humid one - and that choice propagates back into the equipment on order and the load the substation has to serve.
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