Heavy forging
Forming very large steel components from a single ingot, on presses few plants in the world operate.
Heavy forging is the process of shaping very large steel parts - reactor pressure vessel shells, steam generator shells, turbine rotors and similar components - from a single large ingot under a forging press. The pieces are too big and too safety-critical to be assembled from smaller ones, so the capability to make them exists only where a plant has both the press capacity and the qualified process to match.
It is the clearest example of why a supply chain has to be modelled by CAPABILITY and not by company. A supplier's approvals describe what it is permitted to do; its press capacity describes what it is physically able to do, and for the largest components the second list is much shorter than the first. That scarcity is what turns these parts into long-lead items and what makes a single plant's schedule a programme risk.
For a buyer the practical question is never who could forge a component in principle. It is who holds an ASME certificate for that class of work, at a named facility, with capacity in the window the project needs - which is a path through several relationships rather than an entry in a directory.
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