Export control
The national rules governing which technology, equipment and technical information may cross a border, and to whom.
Export control is the body of national law deciding whether a piece of equipment, material, software or technical information may leave a country, and which destinations and recipients it may reach. Advanced semiconductors, semiconductor manufacturing equipment and nuclear items sit under stricter regimes than general industrial goods, and the controls cover not only hardware but the technical data needed to make it - so a drawing sent to a foreign plant can be a controlled export in its own right.
The practical effect is that a supplier can be technically capable, commercially willing, fully qualified, and still not usable for a given project because of where it sits or who owns it. The reverse also bites: an approved supplier acquired by a foreign parent can become an export question overnight without anything about its factory changing, which is a change visible in ownership filings and in shipping records before it is visible anywhere else.
Because of that, export exposure is a property of the relationship between a buyer and a supplier rather than a fact about either one, and it moves when ownership or destination moves. It concentrates hardest where a component is already a sole source, since there is no compliant alternative to fall back to, and it is the instrument through which critical minerals policy is usually expressed.
Nothing here is legal advice, and the specific regime that applies depends on the country, the item and the parties. What an intelligence layer can do is show you where the question needs to be asked.
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